The Center for Internet Security (CIS) Controls are a prioritized set of Safeguards to mitigate the most common cyber-attacks against systems and networks. The SANS 20 Critical Security Controls, formerly known as the SANS Top 20, is now called the CIS Controls and has been reduced from 20 to 18 Controls since version 8.

IP forwarding in Linux is a feature that allows a system to route packets between network interfaces, effectively functioning as a router. While this capability is essential for specific network setups, it poses security risks if enabled unnecessarily. Disabling IP forwarding is a critical step in server hardening, particularly for systems not intended to perform routing tasks.